The temporal lobe is part of the cerebrum. It lies at the side of the brain, beneath the lateral or Sylvian fissure. Seen in profile, the human brain looks something like a boxing glove. The temporal lobe is where the thumb would be.
Behind (posterior to) the temporal lobe is the occipital lobe, where visual information first reaches the cortex. Above and to the rear is the parietal lobe. The temporal lobe encloses the hippocampus and amygdala.
The top (superior) part of the temporal lobe includes an area (within the Sylvian
fissure) where auditory signals from the cochlea (relayed via several subcortical
nuclei) first reach the cerebral cortex. This part of the cortex (primary auditory
cortex) is involved in hearing. Adjacent areas in the superior, posterior and
lateral parts of the temporal lobe are involved in high-level auditory processing.
In humans this includes speech, for which the left temporal lobe in particular
seems to be specialized. Wernicke's area which spans the region between temporal
and parietal lobes plays a key role (in tandem with Broca's area, which is in
the frontal lobe). The functions of the left temporal lobe are not limited to
low-level perception but extend to comprehension, naming, verbal memory and
other language functions.
The underside (ventral) part of the temporal cortex appears to be involved in high-level visual processing of complex stimuli such as faces (fusiform gyrus) and scenes (parahippocampal cortex). Anterior parts of this ventral stream for visual processing are involved in object perception and recognition.
The medial temporal lobe (near the saggital plane that divides left and right cerebral hemispheres) is thought to be involved in episodic/declarative memory. Deep inside the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus seems to be particularly important for memory function, and it also seems to play a part in controlling spatial behaviour.